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Why do you have to read when saving the country? ——The theory of Tang Wugong’s “Reading and Rescuing the Country” discussion
Author: Mao Chaoying
Source: Author Authorized by Confucian Network Published
Original from “Yuanhu Monthly” September 2018
Time: Confucius was in the 2570th year of the middle of the spring of Jihai
Among them, Tang Wugong’s “reading and saving the country” theory was a representative one at that time. However, Tang Wugong’s commentary on reading problems has been lost for a long time. This article aims to take the study of Tang Wugong and review the theory of “reading and saving the country”.
Keywords
Tang Wugong, saving the country, reading, “reading and saving the country” discussions and theory
1. Media
Reading was not a problem in the scientific era, but in modern China it has become a problem that is subject to dispute. The decline of academic studies has been long. As early as January 1904, the Qing court published the “Ji Dingxue Hall Charter” (i.e. “Guimao System”), which introduced a large number of old-style courses in various schools, and reading was only one of these subjects. In the first year of the People’s Republic of China (1912), Cai Yuanpei became the first teaching director of the People’s Republic of China. At the beginning of his tenure, he immediately eliminated the elementary school reading subject. In fact, this is not a personal opinion of Cai, but a majority opinion of the Chinese intellectual community who has been baptized by Western learning since the late Qing Dynasty. In summary, they oppose the importance of reading: First, they accept the unrestrained academic statements of Oriental thinking and worship, and doubt the universal nature of “the world” as “the common way.” Cai Yuanpei is the representative of this view. In the same year as the president of the teaching director, Cai published the “New Teaching Opinions”, proposing to eliminate the “respecting Confucius” teaching in the theme of the prescribed teaching in the Qing Dynasty. His origin was “respecting Confucius and respecting Confucius are not restricted” (Note 1). School reading and worshipping Confucius are not restricted. The second is to respect Oriental science and political system and doubt the modern value of reading. This was the mainstream view of the knowledge world at that time. The teacher of the Serious Scholar has a very good academic integration:
For more than a hundred years, the West has invaded the east, and the Chinese civilization has changed drastically, and it has become worse and worse every time. Most people in the academic world are based on the perspective of Westerners. They criticize and criticize the old types, and they have almost no spare time. It is difficult to make an exception after two thousand years of study. The mainstream school under the new academic system since the beginning of the People’s Republic of China believes that learning has no intention to speak of social life. Even those who are curing students think that the dogs that have been preserved can only be listed in museums for future generations to hang. Because of their experience, what they say is a cure, but they are eager to distinguish between long and short, that is, they are buried in the training. There is also a faction that takes it from a new authorization from a certain family in DongfangInclusive of everything in the past, the academic research conducted is not only the knowledge of old-time teachers, but also the details of old-style examinations. When I preach the words and even the books myself, I will fight first, and I will try to remove the things that future generations value as quickly as possible. (Note 2)
At the same time, the sound of academic maintenance has never stopped. Since the first year of the People’s Republic of China, the dispute over reading problems has exploded several times. According to Hong Ming’s research, a total of four large-scale discussions on reading problems have occurred in the past century. (Note 3) Among them, the largest and most academic discussion on reading issues planned by the “Teaching and Guiding Journal” in 1935 was collected, and more than 70 “Stranquil Discussions” were collected, and it was later edited as the “Opinions of Experts on Reading Questions” for experts across the country. (Note 4)
In the discussion on reading problems in 1935, Tang Wugong (1865-1954) was a major figure. His opinions were published on the first place in the above-mentioned “Teaching Journal” album, and were listed as the top representatives of several times by the editor of the magazine He Bingsong (Bai Cheng). Naturally, the historical view of Tang’s opinion is worthy of our special attention. Wugong of Tang, whose courtesy name was Weizhi, had a nickname, Rudu, and was from Jiangsu, and was a guest. He was in charge of the agricultural and commercial arrangements in the late Qing Dynasty. Later, he lived in Wuxi. He has written books such as “The Great Issue of Nature and Rationalism”, “The Great Issue of Thirteen Books”, and edited the “The Great Issue of Thirteen Books”, and created the Wuxi National Academy of Sciences. Tang Wugong in the history of ordinary peopleThe achievements have attracted attention from the academic community in recent years. Dun Guoguang pointed out, “About learning in the period of the country, we must take a closer look at the influence of the students’ management and maintenance. The long-term publicity of Tang Wugong, which saved the country, was promoted in the lowlands of the Yangtze River. Their academic proactive results are enough to show the characteristics of the changes in the past 50 years of schooling, and are the main focus for sorting out the academic practices of ordinary people.” (Note 5)
However, so far, there has been no special articles to explore the reading points of Tang Wugong. Dun Guoguang and Serious Scholars gave a preliminary introduction to the Down’s “Reading and Rescue” initiative (Note 6), but due to the differences in the purpose of the paper, they only attached contact and criticized, and did not conduct a detailed analysis of the Down’s “Reading and Rescue” theory. The purpose of this article is to evaluate Tang Wugong’s insights on reading problems from the perspective of thinking history, and to specifically sort out the theory of Tang’s “reading and saving the country” discussion, try to clarify and review the theory of Tang Wugong’s “reading and saving the country” discussion.
2. Three types of people who saved the country in the intellectual world of the late Qing Dynasty
Tang Wugong’s “reading and saving the country” was proposed based on the change of the late Qing Dynasty. As an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, what the Tang family called “rescue the country” was naturally based on the investigation of the Qing Dynasty’s crisis. Then, if we want to understand the motor of Tang Wugong’s proposal to “read and save the country”, we should not be able to assess the initiative of the Chinese intellectual community in the early Qing Dynasty on “save the country”. Since the “Duck Film War”, the Chinese intellectual community has proposed three “save” initiatives. One of them advocated the development of Oriental technology and practice, and the country strengthened its troops. This was the proposition of the “foreign faction”; the other one of them advocated the oriental political system and reformed the tide, which was the proposition of the “new-cultivation faction”; the other one of them advocated the introduction of Oriental philosophy and science, reformed the concepts, and Liang Chao, who failed to transform the law in the Xu Dynasty and the “new civilization movement” after the Xinhai Revolution, and the “new civilization movement” after the reaction of the Xinhai Revolution. Tang Wugong’s views are not completely the same as these three views. He said: “The world’s learning, the confusion of people’s hearts, the mediocrity of customs, the low-quality and impurities of scholars, and the high and low quality of history. No one is more than today. A cognitive man can think of how to save it. What is the plan? Some say that you will talk about martial arts and equipment, and boost them with the guidance of the military and the people? You said: No, no. You will stop boiling. Some say that you will study philosophy, discuss thoughts, and then put them in a superb realm? You said: No, No. Empty words do not relate to actual things. Some people say that they will work hard to enter farmers, workers, and merchants, and the Taoist people are familiar with their lives? They say: This is similar. But if they do not consider the root of the matter, they wi
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